GEOLOGY & SALT
Oil formation in Nature comprises as a
first step, the production of proteins in saltwater lakes and lagoons by Halophilic algae.
The lagoon waters are shallow and the floor uneven. At certain periods in the
year the algae sink and collect in depressions where they decompose and form a solution of
amino acids. This occurs because their proteins hydrolyze under the influence
of enzymes. The lipids are not so easily soluble, and they become part of the
sludge on the floor of the lagoon. It is particularly characteristic of Dunaliella halophyte algae, to increase the PH of the medium in which they grow , by using
up the carbonate ions in the course of photosynthesis. Where the lagoons are
filled with ocean water the magnesium ions left absorb CO2 [from air] and the
PH is lowered again. This brings more dissolved carbonate to the algae for assimilation,
because magnesium carbonate so formed, remains temporarily in solution supersaturated
and not in equilibrium.
In such a process the super saturation gets
higher and higher, until nucleation of magnesium carbonate starts to form crystals
spontaneously; they deposit strata as dolomite when calcium salts are also
present in the brine. Freidman has described mats "stromatolits" formed when the
continents were covered with large areas of very shallow lagoons extending for thousands
of square kilometers. During the course of the year, the brines often reach
1.2 specific gravity: amino acids become dissolved in them and together they seep down
into the underlying aquifers. This happens because these heavier brines
displace fresh rain water or ocean water in the aquifers. That these heavy
brines penetrate the lighter waters and do not mix with them is surprising. In this way
amino acids formed from proteins of [Dunaliella] algae are transported
to depths of thousands of meters.
ESSAY
Proceedings
of the 2nd International Conference on the Ecological Importance of
Solar Saltworks (CEISSA 2009)
Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 26 – 29 March 2009
HEAVY
SALINE STREAMS IN SALT DRIVEN WETLANDS, ABANDONED EVAPORATION PANS,
DOMES AND OTHER SALT DEPOSITS AS THE RESPONSIBLE HYDRAULIC MECHANISMS
CAUSING THE DISAPPEARANCE OF HEAVY WASTE LIQUIDS, AND OTHER WASTE TOXIC
SEDIMENTS ON LAND AND IN THE OCEANS
D. BLOCH
- M.R. BLOCH Salt Archive 198 Ben Yehuda Str TelAviv Israel
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Mining - Petroleum - Dunaliella Algae - Solar ponds - The Dead Sea,
a sinkhole? __________________________________________________
SALT MIRROR & PETROLEUM
Abstract: The genesis
of mineral oil is described as a process in which a salt diaper is dissolved by surface
water forming a brackish lake with the salt mirror of the salt diaper as the bottom.
During the dissolution of the salt mirror, algae [Dunaliella ] and other organisms, live,
[assimilating solar energy] and die, near the surface of the brackish lake. They sink as
debris to the bottom of the lake where they are decomposed by anaerobic microbes to
soluble organic compunds and H2S originating from the gypsum in the diaper.
HALOPHILIC ALGAE [DUNALIELLA] PRODUCING A DEEP RED COLOUR IN STATIC
SALT PONDS at A USA SALT PLANT
The resulting solution sinks along
The
flanks of the diaper to great depths, where the organic compounds are de carboxylated and
hydrogenated by geothermal heat, and with the help of H2S. The hydrocarbons formed
collect as droplets which are now lighter than than the brine of the aquifer, They rise
[against the downward stream of the brine] in the supernatant aquifer and become trapped
in suitable "structures" as "mineral oil". The carbon dioxides formed
simultaneously may also facilitate the migration of the oil droplets through the karst
formation in the "source" rock.- [Bloch - Fourth Symposium of Salt 1964]
Model of heavy brine
and Freshwater fluid mechanism
The mechanism requires that the organic matter migrating into
depth through the aquifers is saltwater, soluble but becomes insoluble when heated up in a
deep geothermic pool. Only proteins will do this: so much of the crude oil found comes
from proteins and not lipids and the oils formed, and found to contain short chains,
nitrogen and sulphur. The lipids are the source of kerogene and not of the crude oil,
because they cannot be transported to great depth by salty streams. They are filtered off
when the salt brine sinks through the porous light water aquifers. The saltwater associated
with oil traps is less concentrated the further away it gets from the stagnant geothermic
pool - the original source of the oil droplets.
Essentially, after being transported in the heavy
salt brine streams to great depth, algae proteins hydrolyzed and
pyrolysed, are the natural origins of oil. This is an ongoing
process, and occurs rapidly, indicating that world's oil reservoirs are continually
being 'topped-up' with new oil and gas.
Salt crystal 'forming' a salt mirror in the
laboratory, demonstrating the brine concentration cycle. Note that no dissolving occurs
below the level of saturated brine.
CONVERSION OF HALOPHILIC ALGAE INTO EXTRACTABLE OILS
A salt water slurry of DUNALIELLA PARVA an halophilic
alga, was treated in order to convert it into benzene-soluble material, as rich as
possible in carbon and hydrogen. Several features have been brought to light during the
course of this work.
a] 25% of the combined carbon can be extracted under mild
conditions of pressure [atmospheric] and temperature
b] The presence of CO as well as transition metals salts, had
only minor effect on the conversion and composition of the product
c] Up to 75% of the combined carbon is converted by in-situ
presence of benzene during the pyrolysis of the alga-salt water slurry.
NATURE'S oil PRODUCTION cycle
IMAGINE the sea level as it was only 10,000 years
ago [nearly 90 meters below todays sealevel] and you would see huge
coastal lagoons like the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico,
the Java Sea, The Red Sea - (hwäng-hī) or
Huanghai [Yellow sea], between China and Korea. Bohai, Korea Bay, and
the Liaodong Gulf South of the Korean peninsula, the Gulf of Siam, the
Gulf of Carpentaria and many others where today oil is found or where it
will be found in the very near future.
ESSAY
Proceedings of the 2nd International
Conference on the Ecological Importance of Solar Saltworks (CEISSA 2009)
Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 26 – 29 March 2009
HEAVY SALINE
STREAMS IN SALT DRIVEN WETLANDS, ABANDONED EVAPORATION PANS, DOMES AND OTHER
SALT DEPOSITS AS THE RESPONSIBLE HYDRAULIC MECHANISMS CAUSING THE
DISAPPEARANCE OF HEAVY WASTE LIQUIDS, AND OTHER WASTE TOXIC SEDIMENTS ON
LAND AND IN THE OCEANS
D. BLOCH
- M.R. BLOCH Salt Archive 198 Ben Yehuda Str TelAviv Israel
Oil as a
renewable resource?
Scientific orthodoxy holds that petroleum is the result of many millions
of years of hard rock pressure on the remains of decayed dinosaurs and
other organic material. But in the 1950s, some renegade Russian
scientists developed an “abiotic” theory that suggested oil is inorganic
and has no dead animal or plant origins. The theory, elaborated upon and
popularized by the late Cornell University astronomy professor Thomas
Gold in scientific papers and his intriguing book, “The
Deep Hot Biosphere,” proposes that crude oil forms in a set of
natural and ongoing geologic interactions five to 15 miles below Earth’s
surface.
The theory holds that methane-based gases rise from the mantle and then
condense into heavy hydrocarbons as they hit high temperature zones near
the crust. This methane dew, according to the theory, is what we call
crude oil; meanwhile, methane-based gas that escapes the condensation
process and rises through rock fissures into big gaps above are what we
call natural gas. In tectonically stable zones, the theory suggests that
crude oil sits calmly in reservoirs. In areas of more tectonic movement,
the oil and gas oxidize and escape through volcanoes as carbon dioxide
and steam. In some places, the pools of hydrocarbons seep to the surface
to create the vast oil sand deposits of Canada and Venezuela. From time
to time, the theory proposes, this deep oil surfaces to refill
reservoirs of oil thought to be previously depleted.
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CENOTES
A living kaleidoscope of resplendent fish and plants inhabits the
crystalline kingdom of the CENOTE. A cenote is formed when the roofs of the underground
rivers that abound in the region collapsed or salt deposits were dissolved by fresh water
streams , creating small lakes or ample pools that are the entryway to huge caverns and
cathedrals formed by the currents. Since before recorded history, life in the Yucatan has
always centered around these deep reservoirs. Birds, mammals and even small crocodiles
were among the first creatures to prize the cenotes eternal gift of fresh water. Later in
the record, Mayans peered into their sacred depths in solemn reverence to the water gods,
the Chacs. The cenotes are valued among the jewels of the Cancun area. page ---under
construction
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