GEOLOGY & SALT

Oil formation in Nature comprises as a first step, the production of proteins in saltwater lakes and lagoons by Halophilic algae.    The lagoon waters are shallow and the floor uneven.   At certain periods in the year the algae sink and collect in depressions where they decompose and form a solution of amino acids.   This occurs because their proteins hydrolyze under the influence of enzymes.   The lipids are not so easily soluble, and they become part of the sludge on the floor of the lagoon.    It is particularly characteristic of Dunaliella halophyte algae, to increase the PH of the medium in which they grow , by using up the carbonate ions in the course of photosynthesis.   Where the lagoons are filled with ocean water the magnesium ions left absorb CO2 [from air] and the PH is lowered again. This brings more dissolved carbonate to the algae for assimilation, because magnesium carbonate so formed, remains temporarily in solution supersaturated and not in equilibrium.   

 In such a process the super saturation gets higher and higher, until nucleation of magnesium carbonate starts to form crystals spontaneously;   they deposit strata as dolomite when calcium salts are also present in the brine. Freidman has described mats "stromatolits" formed when the continents were covered with large areas of very shallow lagoons extending for thousands of square kilometers.   During the course of the year, the brines often reach 1.2 specific gravity: amino acids become dissolved in them and together they seep down into the underlying aquifers.   This happens because these heavier brines displace fresh rain water or ocean water in the aquifers.   That these heavy brines penetrate the lighter waters and do not mix with them is surprising. In this way amino acids formed from proteins of [Dunaliella] algae are transported to depths of thousands of meters. 

ESSAY  Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Ecological Importance of Solar Saltworks (CEISSA 2009)                      Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 26 – 29 March 2009  HEAVY SALINE STREAMS IN SALT DRIVEN WETLANDS, ABANDONED EVAPORATION PANS, DOMES AND OTHER SALT DEPOSITS AS THE RESPONSIBLE HYDRAULIC MECHANISMS CAUSING THE DISAPPEARANCE OF HEAVY WASTE LIQUIDS, AND OTHER WASTE TOXIC SEDIMENTS ON LAND AND IN THE OCEANS    D. BLOCH -  M.R. BLOCH Salt Archive 198 Ben Yehuda Str TelAviv Israel

 

Mining - Petroleum - Dunaliella Algae - Solar ponds - The Dead Sea, a sinkhole? 
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SALT MIRROR & PETROLEUM

Abstract: The genesis of mineral oil is described as a process in which a salt diaper is dissolved by surface water forming a brackish lake with the salt mirror of the salt diaper as the bottom. During the dissolution of the salt mirror, algae [Dunaliella ] and other organisms, live, [assimilating solar energy] and die, near the surface of the brackish lake. They sink as debris to the bottom of the lake where they are decomposed by anaerobic microbes to soluble organic compunds and H2S originating from the gypsum in the diaper. 

 

HALOPHILIC ALGAE [DUNALIELLA] PRODUCING A DEEP RED COLOUR IN STATIC SALT PONDS at A USA SALT PLANT  

The resulting solution sinks along The flanks of the diaper to great depths, where the organic compounds are de carboxylated and hydrogenated by geothermal heat, and with the help of H2S. The hydrocarbons formed collect as droplets which are now lighter than than the brine of the aquifer, They rise [against the downward stream of the brine] in the supernatant aquifer and become trapped in suitable "structures" as "mineral oil". The carbon dioxides formed simultaneously may also facilitate the migration of the oil droplets through the karst formation in the "source" rock.- [Bloch - Fourth Symposium of Salt 1964]

BLOCH SALT ARCHIVE

Model of heavy brine and Freshwater fluid mechanism  

The mechanism requires that the organic matter migrating into depth through the aquifers is saltwater, soluble but becomes insoluble when heated up in a deep geothermic pool. Only proteins will do this: so much of the crude oil found comes from proteins and not lipids and the oils formed, and found to contain short chains, nitrogen and sulphur. The lipids are the source of kerogene and not of the crude oil, because they cannot be transported to great depth by salty streams. They are filtered off when the salt brine sinks through the porous light water aquifers. The saltwater associated with oil traps is less concentrated the further away it gets from the stagnant geothermic pool - the original source of the oil droplets.

Essentially, after being transported in the heavy salt brine streams to great depth,  algae proteins hydrolyzed and pyrolysed,     are the natural origins of oil.  This is an ongoing process, and occurs rapidly,  indicating that world's oil reservoirs are continually being 'topped-up' with new oil and gas.
 

Salt crystal 'forming' a salt mirror in the laboratory, demonstrating the brine concentration cycle. Note that no dissolving occurs below the level of saturated brine.


 

CONVERSION OF HALOPHILIC ALGAE INTO EXTRACTABLE OILS 

A salt water slurry of DUNALIELLA PARVA an halophilic alga, was treated in order to convert it into benzene-soluble material, as rich as possible in carbon and hydrogen. Several features have been brought to light during the course of this work.

a] 25% of the combined carbon can be extracted under mild conditions of pressure [atmospheric] and temperature

b] The presence of CO as well as transition metals salts, had only minor effect on the conversion and composition of the product

c] Up to 75% of the combined carbon is converted by in-situ presence of benzene during the pyrolysis of the alga-salt water slurry.

DUNALIELLA ALGAE - OIL DROPLETS CYCLE

NATURE'S oil PRODUCTION cycle 

IMAGINE the sea level as it was only 10,000 years ago [nearly 90 meters below todays sealevel]  and you would see huge coastal lagoons like  the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico, the Java Sea, The Red Sea - (hwäng-hī) or Huanghai [Yellow sea],  between China and Korea. Bohai, Korea Bay, and the Liaodong Gulf  South of the Korean peninsula, the Gulf of Siam, the Gulf of Carpentaria and many others where today oil is found or where it will be found in the very near future.

ESSAY  Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Ecological Importance of Solar Saltworks (CEISSA 2009) Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 26 – 29 March 2009

HEAVY SALINE STREAMS IN SALT DRIVEN WETLANDS, ABANDONED EVAPORATION PANS, DOMES AND OTHER SALT DEPOSITS AS THE RESPONSIBLE HYDRAULIC MECHANISMS CAUSING THE DISAPPEARANCE OF HEAVY WASTE LIQUIDS, AND OTHER WASTE TOXIC SEDIMENTS ON LAND AND IN THE OCEANS    D. BLOCH -  M.R. BLOCH Salt Archive 198 Ben Yehuda Str TelAviv Israel


 Oil as a renewable resource?
Scientific orthodoxy holds that petroleum is the result of many millions of years of hard rock pressure on the remains of decayed dinosaurs and other organic material. But in the 1950s, some renegade Russian scientists developed an “abiotic” theory that suggested oil is inorganic and has no dead animal or plant origins. The theory, elaborated upon and popularized by the late Cornell University astronomy professor Thomas Gold in scientific papers and his intriguing book, “The Deep Hot Biosphere,” proposes that crude oil forms in a set of natural and ongoing geologic interactions five to 15 miles below Earth’s surface.

The theory holds that methane-based gases rise from the mantle and then condense into heavy hydrocarbons as they hit high temperature zones near the crust. This methane dew, according to the theory, is what we call crude oil; meanwhile, methane-based gas that escapes the condensation process and rises through rock fissures into big gaps above are what we call natural gas. In tectonically stable zones, the theory suggests that crude oil sits calmly in reservoirs. In areas of more tectonic movement, the oil and gas oxidize and escape through volcanoes as carbon dioxide and steam. In some places, the pools of hydrocarbons seep to the surface to create the vast oil sand deposits of Canada and Venezuela. From time to time, the theory proposes, this deep oil surfaces to refill reservoirs of oil thought to be previously depleted.

 

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CENOTES

A living kaleidoscope of resplendent fish and plants inhabits the crystalline kingdom of the CENOTE. A cenote is formed when the roofs of the underground rivers that abound in the region collapsed or salt deposits were dissolved by fresh water streams , creating small lakes or ample pools that are the entryway to huge caverns and cathedrals formed by the currents. Since before recorded history, life in the Yucatan has always centered around these deep reservoirs. Birds, mammals and even small crocodiles were among the first creatures to prize the cenotes eternal gift of fresh water. Later in the record, Mayans peered into their sacred depths in solemn reverence to the water gods, the Chacs. The cenotes are valued among the jewels of the Cancun area. page ---under construction

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